JFK's Head Was Hit with Frangible Ammo, not FMJ Ammo

[Michael T. Griffith]

Regarding the fact that the medical evidence clearly indicates JFK’s head was hit by frangible ammo, not by fully metal-jacketed (FMJ) ammo, below are some statements I recently gathered on the behavior of FMJ bullets from various firearms/ballistics/medical journals.

The ammo that hit JFK's head left dozens of fragments in his skull, a veritable "snowstorm" of fragments, which is very typical for frangible ammo but not for FMJ ammo. The lone-gunman theory claims that JFK was hit in the back of the head by one FMJ bullet, whereas most conspiracy theorists believe that at least two bullets hit JFK in the head, that at least one of them was a frangible bullet, and that one of them was fired from the front.

Please note that all of these sources are talking about tests or cases where FMJ bullets were fired at a single target and penetrated one or two layers of bone (mostly skull bone or simulated skull bone), one or two layers of skin, and one layer of tissue. I am noting this so that WC apologists do not say, “These articles prove that the SBT is possible!” No, none of the bullets discussed below passed through five layers of skin, three layers of tissue, tore up 4 inches of rib bone, and shattered the radius bone, one of the hardest bones in the body.

Since some of the URLs are very long, I have put all the links to the quotes on a separate page, and a link to this page is given after each quote.

This comes from “Contact Wounds” from GUWS Medical. The article notes that the presence of small fragments along the wound track “virtually rules out” FMJ ammo, and that in “rare” cases, an FMJ bullet will leave “a few” dust-like fragments if it perforates bone—“a few,” not 40-plus. The article further notes that if x-rays show a “snowstorm” of fragments in the head, this “rules out” FMJ ammo:

In x-rays of through-and-through gunshot wounds, the presence of small fragments of metal along the wound track virtually rules out full metal-jacketed ammunition, such as may be used in a semi-automatic pistol. The reverse is not true, however; absence of lead on x-ray does not necessarily rule out a lead bullet. In rare instances, involving full metal-jacketed centerfire rifle bullets, a few small, dust-like fragments of lead may be seen on x-ray if the bullet perforates bone.

One of the most characteristic x-rays and one that will indicate the type of weapon and ammunition used is that seen from centerfire rifles firing hunting ammunition. In such a case, one will see a "lead snowstorm" [Figure 11.4]. In high-quality x-rays, the majority of the fragments visualized have a fine "dust-like" quality. Such a picture rules out full metal-jacketed rifle ammunition or a shotgun slug.(https://miketgriffith.com/files/fmjbehaviorlinks.htm)

This comes from “Gunshot Injuries: What Does a Radiologist Need to Know?” The author notes that FMJ bullets typically do not leave a trail of fragments along their path but that hollow-point and semi-jacketed bullets do leave a fragment trail:

Bullets with full metal jackets often remain in one piece and usually do not deform much (Figs 2,3). These projectiles typically do not leave a trail of lead fragments along their path. On the other hand, semi-jacketed, hollow-point, nonjacketed, and soft-point bullets tend to deform on impact or break apart (4,8), leaving a telltale trail of metal fragments through the soft tissues (Figs 4,6) (9,12). (https://miketgriffith.com/files/fmjbehaviorlinks.htm)

This comes from “Ballistic Impacts on an Anatomically Correct Synthetic Skull with a Surrogate Skin/Soft Tissue Layer,” a study done in England. The authors observe that five of the six FMJ bullets fired into simulated human skulls did not fragment but emerged intact:

Six head models were impacted with 7.62 x 39 mm full metal jacket mild steel core (FMJ MSC) bullets with a mean velocity of 652 m/s. The impact events were filmed with high-speed cameras. The models were imaged pre- and post-impact using computed tomography. . . .

The six models were then examined by two Home Office Forensic Pathologists with extensive experience of assessing ballistic injury. The pathologists were invited to conduct a formal ‘post-mortem’ examination of each model. . . .

The pre- and post-shot CT scans were viewed by a Military Consultant Radiologist with extensive experience of ballistic injury imaging using OsiriXDICOM viewer. . . .

All the bullets with the exception of the one impacting Face 4 emerged intact from the models. . . .

Five of the entry sites had associated radial fractures, although these were found more often by the pathologists than from the CT scans due to the soft tissue CT appearance being close to that of the synthetic bone as described above (Faces 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6). [MG: This is important because one of the problems with the now-debunked cowlick entry site is that no fractures radiate from it.] (https://miketgriffith.com/files/fmjbehaviorlinks.htm)

This comes from “Wound Ballistics of Injuries Caused by Handguns With Different Types of Projectiles.” Partially metal-jacketed bullets and hollow-point bullets fired into pig skulls left numerous fragments along the wound track, but none of the FMJ bullets left any fragments that could be seen on the x-rays:

Unlike round lead projectiles, partial metal-jacketed projectiles were associated with wound tracks that contained multiple projectile fragments of different sizes and shapes along the entire path of the bullet. . . .

Radiological images of gunshot injuries caused by hollow-point projectiles reveal multiple projectile fragments, beginning approximately 5 cm distal to the entrance site (Fig. 2B). Fragments of different sizes were detected along the wound track. . . .

None of the full metal-jacketed projectiles were seen on the radiological images.    (https://miketgriffith.com/files/fmjbehaviorlinks.htm)

This comes from “Gunshot Wounds” from Pathology Outline. The author notes that FMJ bullets tend to transit a body without being deformed, and that when x-rays reveal a “lead snowstorm,” this indicates the bullet was a semi-jacketed (partially jacketed) bullet:

Full metal jacketed bullets produce less tissue damage and tend to travel through the body undeformed.

Semi-jacketed ammunition creates the classic "lead snowstorm" appearance on x-ray due to peeling back of the jacket as it travels through the body, releasing numerous small lead fragments. (https://miketgriffith.com/files/fmjbehaviorlinks.htm)

This comes from “Radiographic Examination of Jacketed and Non Jacketed Bullet Fragment Patterns.” The author notes that the pig skulls hit with FMJ bullets (labeled Pattern C) “contained no radiographic evidence of fragments in the tissue or bone,” whereas the skulls hit by hollow-point bullets (Pattern D) “contained some fragments of lead”:

The purpose of this study is to examine bullet fragment patterns from jacketed and nonjacketed bullets in porcine [pig] fore limbs using radiography. Ten porcine fore limbs with tissue and bone were used to produce the bullet fragment patterns. Three out of thirty-three bullets remained in the sample. Bullets that penetrated the samples were collected in a bullet trap and weighed to determine the amount of bullet fragment weight loss for each bullet. The samples were x-rayed and bullet fragment patterns were compared between the jacketed and non-jacketed bullets. . . .

The full metal jacketed bullets and jacketed hollow point bullets were classified as Pattern C and Pattern D, respectively. Pattern C contained no radiographic evidence of fragments in the tissue or bone and Pattern D contained some fragments of lead from the jacketed hollow point bullets clustered near the bone. (https://miketgriffith.com/files/fmjbehaviorlinks.htm)

For more evidence that JFK’s head was hit by frangible ammo, please see my article “Forensic Science and President Kennedy’s Head Wounds”:

https://miketgriffith.com/files/forensic.htm

[Joe Elliott]

Regarding the fact that the medical evidence clearly indicates JFK’s head was hit by frangible ammo, not by fully metal-jacketed (FMJ) ammo, below are some statements I recently gathered on the behavior of FMJ bullets from various firearms/ballistics/medical journals.

The ammo that hit JFK's head left dozens of fragments in his skull, a veritable "snowstorm" of fragments, which is very typical for frangible ammo but not for FMJ ammo. The lone-gunman theory claims that JFK was hit in the back of the head by one FMJ bullet, whereas most conspiracy theorists believe that at least two bullets hit JFK in the head, that at least one of them was a frangible bullet, and that one of them was fired from the front.

Please note that all of these sources are talking about tests or cases where FMJ bullets were fired at a single target and penetrated one or two layers of bone (mostly skull bone or simulated skull bone), one or two layers of skin, and one layer of tissue. I am noting this so that WC apologists do not say, “These articles prove that the SBT is possible!” No, none of the bullets discussed below passed through five layers of skin, three layers of tissue, tore up 4 inches of rib bone, and shattered the radius bone, one of the hardest bones in the body.

Since some of the URLs are very long, I have put all the links to the quotes on a separate page, and a link to this page is given after each quote.

This comes from “Contact Wounds” from GUWS Medical. The article notes that the presence of small fragments along the wound track “virtually rules out” FMJ ammo, and that in “rare” cases, an FMJ bullet will leave “a few” dust-like fragments if it perforates bone—“a few,” not 40-plus. The article further notes that if x-rays show a “snowstorm” of fragments in the head, this “rules out” FMJ ammo:

This comes from “Gunshot Injuries: What Does a Radiologist Need to Know?” The author notes that FMJ bullets typically do not leave a trail of fragments along their path but that hollow-point and semi-jacketed bullets do leave a fragment trail:

This comes from “Ballistic Impacts on an Anatomically Correct Synthetic Skull with a Surrogate Skin/Soft Tissue Layer,” a study done in England. The authors observe that five of the six FMJ bullets fired into simulated human skulls did not fragment but emerged intact:

This comes from “Wound Ballistics of Injuries Caused by Handguns With Different Types of Projectiles.” Partially metal-jacketed bullets and hollow-point bullets fired into pig skulls left numerous fragments along the wound track, but none of the FMJ bullets left any fragments that could be seen on the x-rays:

This comes from “Gunshot Wounds” from Pathology Outline. The author notes that FMJ bullets tend to transit a body without being deformed, and that when x-rays reveal a “lead snowstorm,” this indicates the bullet was a semi-jacketed (partially jacketed) bullet:

This comes from “Radiographic Examination of Jacketed and Non Jacketed Bullet Fragment Patterns.” The author notes that the pig skulls hit with FMJ bullets (labeled Pattern C) “contained no radiographic evidence of fragments in the tissue or bone,” whereas the skulls hit by hollow-point bullets (Pattern D) “contained some fragments of lead”:

For more evidence that JFK’s head was hit by frangible ammo, please see my article “Forensic Science and President Kennedy’s Head Wounds”:

https://miketgriffith.com/files/forensic.htm

Fine. Except no one is talking about Western Cartridge Company Mannlicher-Carcano bullets. The WCC/MC bullets. The reason is because these bullets do fragment upon striking bone at high velocity, like around 1900 feet per second.

Let’s look at these articles:

“Contact Wounds” from GUWS Medical
; Mentions rifles firing FMJ bullets, but not a WCC/MC bullet.
https://www.guwsmedical.info/contact-wounds/info-sxi.html
; Mentions rifles firing FMJ bullets, but not a WCC/MC bullet.

“Gunshot Injuries: What Does a Radiologist Need to Know?”
Real heading: Ballistic impacts on an anatomically correct synthetic skull with a surrogate skin/soft tissue layer
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00414-017-1737-9
; 7.62 x 39 mm full metal jacket bullet, but not a WCC/MC bullet.

“Gunshot Wounds” from Pathology Outline.
From Ohio State:
http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/forensicsgunshotwounds.html?mobile=off
; Not talking about a WCC/MC bullet.

“Radiographic Examination of Jacketed and Non Jacketed Bullet Fragment Patterns.”
http://faculty.mnsu.edu/jamesbailey/wp-content/uploads/sites/60/2014/05/Radiographic-Examination-of-Jacketed-and-Non-Jacked-Bullet-Fragment-Patterns.pdf
; Not talking about a WCC/MC bullet.

This comes from “Wound Ballistics of Injuries Caused by Handguns With Different Types of Projectiles.” Partially metal-jacketed bullets and hollow-point bullets fired into pig skulls left numerous fragments along the wound track, but none of the FMJ bullets left any fragments that could be seen on the x-rays:
; Not talking about a WCC/MC bullet. Not even talking about rifle bullets but the generally much slower handgun bullets.

These articles are not talking about WCC/MC bullets, but Full Metal Jacket bullets in general. Which differ from each other. And even so, are full of qualifiers.
“typically do not leave a trail of fragments”
“five of the six FMJ bullets”
Etc.

Lots of stuff on how many types of FMJ bullet generally do not fragment. Nothing about WCC/MC bullets do not fragment.

But we have a whole book on WCC/MC bullets. Larry Sturdivan’s “The JFK Myths”. On page 118, in Table II. It shows that a WCC/MC will start to deform at velocities at or above 1700 feet per second. Larry Sturdivan explains that if a WCC/MC deforms long enough, it will fragment.

On page 122, Figure 20, we have a picture of a WCC/MC bullet fragment from a bullet fired into a skull. It is labeled “Skull Shot # 8170”. This test was conducted by the Biophysics Division. “Skull Shot # 8170” looks at least as damaged as either CE 569 or CE 567, the fragments recovered from the limousine.


Where is the Pro CT equivalent? An article showing a WCC/MC bullet, fired into a skull, at high speed, and recovered intact with little damage, or at least not fragmented? There is none. Because clearly WCC/MC can and do fragment, and leave a trial of fragments behind them, when they strike a skull at high speed. Regardless of what other types of FMJ bullets, fired from rifles or handguns, may do.


It occurs to me that I should clarify what I have been calling for. A true ballistic expert who supports the CT position. But not when talking about other FMJ bullets, or FMJ bullet fired from handguns. But WCC/MC bullets. It’s got to be a true ballistic expert. And he or she has to be talking about WCC/MC bullets, not other types of bullets, not even other types of FMJ bullets.

[Michael T. Griffith]

Fine. Except no one is talking about Western Cartridge Company Mannlicher-Carcano bullets. The WCC/MC bullets. The reason is because these bullets do fragment upon striking bone at high velocity, like around 1900 feet per second.

Let’s look at these articles:

“Contact Wounds” from GUWS Medical
; Mentions rifles firing FMJ bullets, but not a WCC/MC bullet.
https://www.guwsmedical.info/contact-wounds/info-sxi.html
; Mentions rifles firing FMJ bullets, but not a WCC/MC bullet.

“Gunshot Injuries: What Does a Radiologist Need to Know?”
Real heading: Ballistic impacts on an anatomically correct synthetic skull with a surrogate skin/soft tissue layer
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00414-017-1737-9
; 7.62 x 39 mm full metal jacket bullet, but not a WCC/MC bullet.

“Gunshot Wounds” from Pathology Outline.
From Ohio State:
http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/forensicsgunshotwounds.html?mobile=off
; Not talking about a WCC/MC bullet.

“Radiographic Examination of Jacketed and Non Jacketed Bullet Fragment Patterns.”
http://faculty.mnsu.edu/jamesbailey/wp-content/uploads/sites/60/2014/05/Radiographic-Examination-of-Jacketed-and-Non-Jacked-Bullet-Fragment-Patterns.pdf
; Not talking about a WCC/MC bullet.

This comes from “Wound Ballistics of Injuries Caused by Handguns With Different Types of Projectiles.” Partially metal-jacketed bullets and hollow-point bullets fired into pig skulls left numerous fragments along the wound track, but none of the FMJ bullets left any fragments that could be seen on the x-rays:
; Not talking about a WCC/MC bullet. Not even talking about rifle bullets but the generally much slower handgun bullets.

These articles are not talking about WCC/MC bullets, but Full Metal Jacket bullets in general. Which differ from each other. And even so, are full of qualifiers.
“typically do not leave a trail of fragments”
“five of the six FMJ bullets”
Etc.

Lots of stuff on how many types of FMJ bullet generally do not fragment. Nothing about WCC/MC bullets do not fragment.

But we have a whole book on WCC/MC bullets. Larry Sturdivan’s “The JFK Myths”. On page 118, in Table II. It shows that a WCC/MC will start to deform at velocities at or above 1700 feet per second. Larry Sturdivan explains that if a WCC/MC deforms long enough, it will fragment.

On page 122, Figure 20, we have a picture of a WCC/MC bullet fragment from a bullet fired into a skull. It is labeled “Skull Shot # 8170”. This test was conducted by the Biophysics Division. “Skull Shot # 8170” looks at least as damaged as either CE 569 or CE 567, the fragments recovered from the limousine.

Where is the Pro CT equivalent? An article showing a WCC/MC bullet, fired into a skull, at high speed, and recovered intact with little damage, or at least not fragmented? There is none. Because clearly WCC/MC can and do fragment, and leave a trial of fragments behind them, when they strike a skull at high speed. Regardless of what other types of FMJ bullets, fired from rifles or handguns, may do.

It occurs to me that I should clarify what I have been calling for. A true ballistic expert who supports the CT position. But not when talking about other FMJ bullets, or FMJ bullet fired from handguns. But WCC/MC bullets. It’s got to be a true ballistic expert. And he or she has to be talking about WCC/MC bullets, not other types of bullets, not even other types of FMJ bullets.

This is embarrassingly, comically wrong. "It occurs to me" that you obviously don't do any hunting or shooting and don't know much about ammo. WCC/MC FMJ bullets do not magically behave differently than do other FMJ bullets. Furthermore, WCC/MC FMJ bullets are copper-jacketed, as are most other FMJ bullets. For decades, the vast majority of FMJ bullets were copper-jacketed. Even today, most FMJ bullets are copper-jacketed. If you doubt this, just go to any major website that sells ammo, such as the Ammo.com website:

"The term full metal jacket means the lead bullet is encased in a separate harder metal – this is typically copper, but can sometimes be other materials and even hybrid composites." (https://ammo.com/bullet-type/full-metal-jacket-fmj)

And, uh, have you forgotten that you claim that CE 399, a WCC/MC FMJ bullet, penetrated seven layers of skin, smashed 4 inches of rib bone, and shattered a radius bone, and yet supposedly emerged with its lands and grooves intact and with less than 3-4 grains of its substance missing? Did that slip your mind?

You can't have it both ways: You can't argue that it would not have been unusual for an FMJ bullet to have done all the SBT damage and still have emerged virtually pristine, and then turn around and say that it would not have been unusual for an FMJ bullet to have (1) left over 40 fragments inside JFK's head, (2) impossibly left two fragments on the outer table of the skull--one in it and one just underneath it, and (3) ejected its nose and tail from the skull and deposited them in the limo. You need to pick which of those two myths you're going to defend.

Oh, and did you forget that not one of the WCC/MC FMJ bullets fired into skulls in Olivier's ballistics tests for the WC fragmented into dozens of fragments inside and/or outside the skull, much less magically deposited two fragments on the outer table of the skull on the wrong side of the entry site? Not a single one of them did this. Did that slip your mind too?

Finally, you still have not read my article "Forensic Science and President Kennedy's Head Wounds," have you?

[Michael Carney]

Joe, you are not answering the question I asked and that was what size are the WCC/MC fragments compared to the frags left by the frangible round?

[Joe Elliott]

Joe, you are not answering the question I asked and that was what size are the WCC/MC fragments compared to the frags left by the frangible round?

I don’t know. You are asking much more technical questions than the questions I ask of Mr. Griffith. Which always go unanswered. But my layman’s opinion is this. We know WCC/MC fragment, this has been shown when a WCC/MC bullet strikes the skull of a recently dead animal. Once a WCC/MC bullet fragment, it’s largely lead core is totally exposed. So, I would imagine it would leave the same kind of fragment trail left by a non-FMJ bullet which is just a lead bullet with no jacket.

The problem is neither you nor Mr. Griffith are citing the work of real ballistic experts, talking about the effect of a WCC/MC bullet, on the skull of a living or recently killed animal. Such an expert could easily answer these technical questions. But none of you have found such an expert who supports your assertions. Not in 56 years and counting.

[Joe Elliott]

Joe, you are not answering the question I asked and that was what size are the WCC/MC fragments compared to the frags left by the frangible round?

Actually, I did a little reading since my previous post. I think I can answer your question. Where there any fragments left in the wake of the bullet that was fired through Skull # 8170 and what were their sizes?

The answer is no. I believe there were no fragments left in the wake of the bullet. Unlike what happened to President Kennedy. This is because Skull # 8170 was not a living human head, nor a recently living human head, nor a living animal head nor a recently living animal head. Skull # 8170 was a human skull. A dried human skull. Never-the-less, I assume the skull was not too old, not too dried out, because it did fragment the WCC/MC Bullet. But no trail of fragments was left suspended in the air inside the hollow skull because, it was, after all, a hollow skull. A trail of fragments would only be left behind if it travelled through organic material, like a brain, which could cause the small fragments to be stripped off the main bullet fragment and left suspended within the brain. Obviously, this is not going to happen with a hollow skull.

Speaking as a layman, I suspect that the more recent the subject had died, the denser, the less dry, the skull will be. And will have a big effect on whether a WCC/MC bullet will be fragmented by the skull or not.

Larry Sturdivan explained that the difference between President Kennedy’s head and Skull # 8170 is that President Kennedy was head was living and robust. Skull # 8170 was from a medical supply source, which are from unclaimed bodies that generally suffered varying degrees of malnutrition. And the skull would dry out and become less dense by the time most of the organic material is gone and only the bone of the skull is left.

Hence, some differences between the bullet that went through Skull # 8170 and President Kennedy. The bullet that went through President Kennedy’s head broke up into 3 fragments. The Skull # 8170 bullet remained in one extremely mangled fragment that did not quite separate into multiple fragments, but came close to doing so, as one can see from Figure 20 on Page 122 from Larry Sturdivan’s book “The JFK Myths”. Also, while a string of tiny fragments was left in President Kennedy’s head, there was no string of tiny fragments left within Skull # 8170, suspended in air. Nor should we expect to see such.

[Michael Carney]

Joe,

I’m sorry it I am asking a technical question but that is my nature, 30 years in the Silicon Valley in engineering and root cause failure analysis will do that to you.

Unfortunately there are probably not many experts on the WCC/MC because they stopped making them in 1956 as I understand it. You don’t know the answer to my question well that’s ok, let’s talk about what we do know and see if we have a come to an understanding and agree that are different frags.
 
We have all seen the frags from the JFK assassination the frags from the WCC/MC are usually anywhere from a full section of the diameter of the round down to maybe a sizable corner. Let’s just say based on the pictures we have seen that the average frag from the WCC/MC that we have compressed into a ball. Looking at the frags they might be 3/16 to ¼ in. in diameter. The frags from the a frangible round appear to be under a 1/16 of an inch in size and possibly smaller more like 1/32 of an inch in size  and always a shape and look all to themselves. They are black and burnt looking, caused by the “explosion” I suspect.

So the basic difference is the WCC/MC are large, up to a ¼” or more, metallic looking, different “colored” components and erratic shapes like you would expect a torn up bullet to look like. The frangible frags on the other hand look black and burnt, very small in size with no discernible characteristics; they look like the aftermath of an explosion, black burnt particulate. So in one hand you have pieces of broken up metallic looking bullet parts of various shades of gray and copper and of various sizes and shapes, and many with rifling grooves on them and in the other hand where you have these little small particles that look like very course pepper all similar in size. So the contents of each hand looks totally different from the other. So you could say I am acting as a technical expert and telling everyone the two types of fragments are totally different from each other and could not be mistaken to be from the same source. It’s like one makes rocks and the other makes tiny black pebbles.

I hope my explanation helps you see the difference between the two groups of fragment’s.

[Joe Elliott]

This is embarrassingly, comically wrong. "It occurs to me" that you obviously don't do any hunting or shooting and don't know much about ammo. WCC/MC FMJ bullets do not magically behave differently than do other FMJ bullets. Furthermore, WCC/MC FMJ bullets are copper-jacketed, as are most other FMJ bullets. For decades, the vast majority of FMJ bullets were copper-jacketed. Even today, most FMJ bullets are copper-jacketed. If you doubt this, just go to any major website that sells ammo, such as the Ammo.com website:

It occurred to you? I have stated on several occasions that I am not a ballistic expert, do not shoot rifles, do not go hunting. But I do read the material of genuine ballistic experts.

"The term full metal jacket means the lead bullet is encased in a separate harder metal – this is typically copper, but can sometimes be other materials and even hybrid composites." (https://ammo.com/bullet-type/full-metal-jacket-fmj)

Yes. But most (I believe) full metal jacket bullets have a minimum deformation velocity that is greater than the muzzle velocity of the rifles that fired them. So, these bullets will not be fragmented by human bone. Agreed? While a full metal jacket bullet that has a minimum deformation velocity significantly less than the muzzle velocity of the rifle that fire them can deform and be fragmented. So, our discussions should be limited to WCC/MC bullets that does have a higher muzzle velocity then it’s minimum deformation velocity where such deformation is possible.

And, uh, have you forgotten that you claim that CE 399, a WCC/MC FMJ bullet, penetrated seven layers of skin, smashed 4 inches of rib bone, and shattered a radius bone, and yet supposedly emerged with its lands and grooves intact and with less than 3-4 grains of its substance missing? Did that slip your mind?

No, but it didn’t strike human bone at 1900 feet per second, like the bullet that strike President Kennedy’s did. It was slowed by President Kennedy’s neck before it struck the rib.

You can't have it both ways: You can't argue that it would not have been unusual for an FMJ bullet to have done all the SBT damage and still have emerged virtually pristine, and then turn around and say that it would not have been unusual for an FMJ bullet to have (1) left over 40 fragments inside JFK's head, (2) impossibly left two fragments on the outer table of the skull--one in it and one just underneath it, and (3) ejected its nose and tail from the skull and deposited them in the limo. You need to pick which of those two myths you're going to defend.

Oh yes, I can have it both ways. There is a big difference in the effect of a WCC/MC hitting bone at 1900 feet per second, like the bullet that struck President Kennedy’s skull and a WCC/MC first hitting bone at 1400 feet per second, like the bullet that struck Governor Connally’s rib. If you had read the work of a real ballistic expert, like Larry Sturdivan, you would know this. The same type of bullet can behave very differently depending on the details of what exactly happened.

Oh, and did you forget that not one of the WCC/MC FMJ bullets fired into skulls in Olivier's ballistics tests for the WC fragmented into dozens of fragments inside and/or outside the skull, much less magically deposited two fragments on the outer table of the skull on the wrong side of the entry site? Not a single one of them did this. Did that slip your mind too?

But none of those were living human heads. Or even recently living human heads. Or living animal heads. Or recently living animal heads. How long had the owner of these skulls died? How much had these skulls dried out? How much less dense than living skulls had they become?

Even so, at least one human skull did fragment a WCC/MC bullet. The one through Skull # 8170. Despite the fact it was not a living head.

Finally, you still have not read my article "Forensic Science and President Kennedy's Head Wounds," have you?

No. I have read articles and an entire book by a genuine ballistic experts on the President Kennedy assassination. But I haven’t found the time yet to read an article on President Kennedy’s Head Wounds written by a non-ballistic expert such as yourself. Right now, I am reading Steven Pinker’s “The Better Angles of our Nature”. I fear it will be some time before I can wade through the work of superior writers before I can start to delve into the works of writers of your level.

How about this for a deal. Why don’t you read a book by a genuine ballistic expert, Larry Sturdivan? The JFK Myths. He is a genuine ballistic expert. He is talking about the properties of WCC/MC bullets, not other bullets. If you read this one book by a genuine expert, I will read your one article, even though it is written by a non-ballistic expert, who has never been trusted by a court of law or any investigative group to give testimony as a ballistic expert.